Name the association in which one species produces poisonous substance or a change in environmental conditions that is harmful to another species.
Amensalism. It is also called as anti-biosis. E.g. Penicillium notatum (Blue mold) kills the bacteria by secreting penicillin an antibiotic.
The adversely affected species is called amensal while the affecting species is called as inhibitor.
The bacteria are harmed while the fungi (blue mold) is unaffected.
$\Rightarrow$ The blue mold can survive in presence or absence of bacteria.
Competition is best defined as a process in which the fitness of one species (measured in terms of its $' r '$ the intrinsic rate of increase) is significantly
Lower in presence of another superior species
Examples of chemicals produced by plants as a defense against grazers and browsers
$I.$ Nicotine
$II.$ Caffeine
$III.$ Quinine
$IV.$ Strychnine
$V.$ Opium
Choose the correct combination
Explain the general information about the population interaction and show the various results shown between them.
Animals eating plants are categorised separately as ...$A$..., they are in a broad ecological context, not very different from ...$B$...
Choose the correct option $A$ and $B$